Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common during pregnancy and can affect both the bladder and kidneys. While most infections are mild and easily treated, it is important for pregnant women and birthing people to understand the signs, symptoms, potential implications, and available treatments to keep both themselves and their baby safe.
During pregnancy, hormonal changes cause the urinary tract to relax and expand. This slows the flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder, making it easier for bacteria to grow. As the uterus grows, it can also press on the bladder and ureters, increasing the chance of infection.
Recognising the signs and symptoms
UTIs in pregnancy do not always cause noticeable symptoms. This is why midwives and doctors check urine samples at regular antenatal appointments. When symptoms do appear, they can include:
- A burning or stinging sensation when passing urine
- The urge to urinate frequently, even if little comes out
- Cloudy, strong-smelling, or blood-tinged urine
- Pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen
- Feeling generally unwell or feverish
If the infection spreads to the kidneys, symptoms may be more severe. These can include high fever, chills, back pain, nausea, or vomiting. Kidney infections need urgent medical attention as they can lead to complications. Some people have even reported hallucinations.
Possible implications of UTIs in pregnancy
Untreated UTIs can increase the risk of pregnancy complications such as preterm labour, low birth weight, and pre-eclampsia. Kidney infections, in particular, may cause premature contractions or affect maternal health. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to reducing these risks.
When bacteria are present in the urine without symptoms, is also screened for in early pregnancy. If left untreated, it can lead to kidney infections later in pregnancy.
Treatment and prevention
The good news is that UTIs are usually easy to treat during pregnancy. Antibiotics are safe and carefully selected to target the infection without harming the baby. It is important to complete the full course even if symptoms improve, and follow-up tests may be done to ensure the infection has cleared.
To help prevent UTIs during pregnancy:
- Drink plenty of water or cranberry juice to flush bacteria out of the urinary tract
- Urinate regularly and do not hold in urine for long periods
- Wipe from front to back after using the toilet to reduce bacterial spread
- Wear cotton underwear and avoid tight-fitting clothing that can trap moisture
- Empty your bladder before and after sex
When to seek medical advice
If you notice any symptoms of a UTI or feel unwell during pregnancy, contact your midwife or GP promptly. Early treatment can prevent complications and keep both mother and baby healthy.
Routine urine checks and being alert to symptoms are simple but effective steps to manage UTIs during pregnancy. By staying informed and proactive, pregnant people can reduce the risks and focus on a healthy pregnancy journey.
